Synthesis Of The Lead Acid Battery - 1113 Words

The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead-acid cells that are connected in series. Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be immersed in. The electrode reactions are: Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Each cell has a voltage of about 2v, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure that is usually used in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being removed from the cathode and being provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an external potential difference being applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst the battery is being discharged. Because of its ability to do so, the lead accumulator is said to be a storage battery. The recharging equations are as follows: Anode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- → Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) Cathode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- As can be observed the higher the concentration of sulfuric acid means a more charge battery. Lead sulfate concentration increases and sulfuric acid concentration falls as the battery discharges. The same principles are used to construct a normal galvanic cell are used to construct each cell. A microporous separator acts asShow MoreRelatedMuscle Strength And Physical Function1451 Words   |  6 Pageson the use of PEF as a measure of sarcopenia and muscle strength is limited III. Physical performance Many tests of physical performance are available, as the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the usual gait speed, the 6-min walk test and the stair climb power test. 1) Short Physical Performance Battery. 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S.I.P sample Free Essays

As of the mosquito, citronella can really repel it, and it is now proven by scientists. But as of the ants and the flies, we are trying to work on a simple experiment in which it can repel or kill them. Objectives: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on S.I.P sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) We used our classroom as the scenario, and as we all know, there are many ants, flies and mosquitoes in it. And we can’t concentrate in what we are doing because of them. So, we conducted this s. I. P. To make us comfortable in our room without disruptions Just to kill mosquitoes, flies and ants. 2. ) We can also use this in our houses, if there are infestations of mosquitoes, ants or flies. 3. This liquid is not smelly as the others are, so you can breathe well even spraying it. 4. ) Our project only uses organic materials and we don’t use Cuff’s that can destroy our ozone. Significance: Our project might not be the first project to kill mosquitoes, flies and ants, but our only uses organic materials which is not common in making project insecticides. We decided to make this project for us to create our own version of organic insecticides. Our project is important nowadays because almost all of the commodities are now expensive, and we need to use our available resources as an alternative to all. And we chose to create an insecticides. Scope and limitations: alternative of In other insecticides, they can also kill cockroaches and even mice, but we chose not to our members because when we discussed how to conduct the experiment of it, one of suggested that we would be having a hard time catching cockroaches and mice, and we’ve all agreed to this. How to cite S.I.P sample, Papers

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report free essay sample

An acid is a group of chemicals. Acids are positively charged ions, they are liquid and are solutions of pure compounds in water. If you want to know if something is an acid, you can test it by using litmus paper. Acids will turn litmus paper red, whilst alkalis will turn it blue. Alkalis are negatively charged ions and are usually solid. Aim:To find out how much of different acids is needed to neutralize 25mls of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Hypothesis:The strongest alkali will need the smallest amount of an acid to cancel out and the weakest will need more acid. Variables: Control| Independent| Dependent| The indicator, NaOH| H2SO4 HClHNO3| The chemical reaction between the acids and alkali. | Materials / Apparatus: * H2SO4 * HCL * HNO3 * Alkali (NaOH) * Stand * Burette * Beaker * Funnel * Bunsen Burner * Crucible * Phenolphyalein Method: 1. Pour the 25 ml of NaOH into a beaker. 2. Drop three drops of phenolphyalein into the beaker. We will write a custom essay sample on Acids and Alkalis Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. The solution will now turn pink. . Through a funnel, pour the acid into the burette. Start dripping a few drops one by one into the beaker. 6. The solution will start getting a lighter shade of pink. 7. Stir the beaker around. 8. Once the solution turns clear, stop adding more acid. 9. Calculate the amount of acid used. 10. Take the solution and pour a bit of it into a crucible. 11. Light the Bunsen burner. 12. The salt solution will turn into salt crystals when it is heated. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O NaOH + HNO3 = NaNO3 NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Observations: Alkali| Acid| Moles| Observation| NaOH| HCL| 1 Mole| Took 4 ml to neutralize. No further experiment was made. | NaOH| HCL| 0. 1 Mole| Took 31 ml to neutralize. 2. 30 minutes until pink salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| HNO3| 1 Mole| Took 19. 2 ml to neutralize. 2 minutes until good white salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| H2SO4| 2 Moles| Took 1. 1 ml to neutralize. 2. 15 minutes until rings of white salt were formed. | Analysis: The weakest acid (HCl 0. 1 Mole) needed the most alkali to be made into salt and the strongest (H2SO4 2 Moles) needed the least. Different experiments made different salts. Conclusion: The strongest acid will work faster and you will need less. This is because it is a lot more reactive than the weaker acids and it will want to react much faster with the alkali. Evaluation: In my group, Zuzanna and I were the ones doing the experiment while everyone else observed and took notes on what happened. The first time, we dropped one too many drops of H2SO4 in the alkali so the alkali quickly turned pink again. We had to try it six times before we could get it right because we kept putting too much in or we would forget how much we put in. But after a few tries we finally got it to work and we got the correct solution. Therefore we could finally go on to the next step and heat up the solution. It took our salt around 2 minutes and 15 seconds to heat up, evaporate and leave us with small rings of white salt crystals. Our salt crystals did not turn out as the best, but they were successful.