Synthesis Of The Lead Acid Battery - 1113 Words

The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead-acid cells that are connected in series. Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be immersed in. The electrode reactions are: Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Each cell has a voltage of about 2v, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure that is usually used in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being removed from the cathode and being provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an external potential difference being applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst the battery is being discharged. Because of its ability to do so, the lead accumulator is said to be a storage battery. The recharging equations are as follows: Anode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- → Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) Cathode: PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e- As can be observed the higher the concentration of sulfuric acid means a more charge battery. Lead sulfate concentration increases and sulfuric acid concentration falls as the battery discharges. The same principles are used to construct a normal galvanic cell are used to construct each cell. A microporous separator acts asShow MoreRelatedMuscle Strength And Physical Function1451 Words   |  6 Pageson the use of PEF as a measure of sarcopenia and muscle strength is limited III. Physical performance Many tests of physical performance are available, as the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the usual gait speed, the 6-min walk test and the stair climb power test. 1) Short Physical Performance Battery. The SPPB tests the balance, gait, strength and endurance by examining the individual s ability to stand with the his feet together in side-by-side way, semi-tandem and tandem positionsRead MoreChemical Reactions- Sodium Hydroxide1555 Words   |  7 Pagesreactions- combustion (often called burning), synthesis, decomposition, neutralization, single replacement and double replacement. A combustion reaction is a reaction with oxygen, and heat is evolved (given off). A common example of combustion is Hydrogen +Oxygen= Water Synthesis is a reaction where two or more substances combine to make a compound. An example of a synthesis reaction is Iron + Oxygen = Iron Oxide Decomposition is the opposite of synthesis. It is the breakdown of a compound, usuallyRead MoreCase Study : ÃŽÂ’ -thalassemia1717 Words   |  7 PagesEquator. The thalassemia syndromes are caused by mutations that decrease or abolish the synthesis of the ÃŽ ±- or ÃŽ ²-chains in the adult hemoglobin A tetramer. Individual syndromes are names according to the chain whose synthesis is affected and the severity of the deficiency. This, in ÃŽ ²0-thalassemia, the superscript 0 denotes none of the ÃŽ ²-chain is present; in ÃŽ ²+-thalassemia, the + denotes a partial reduction in the synthesis of the ÃŽ ²-chain. More than 170 different mutations have been identified that causeRead MoreThe Effects Of Nutritional Supplementation On Improving Mobility And Muscular Confinement1015 Words   |  5 Pagesto lose the ability to do tasks that require endurance and strength, which leads to the need for assisted care. Also when elderly/aging people start to lose muscle mass and strength they will be prone to an increased risk of injury. Ingesting supplements such as essential vitamins and amino acids are fundamentally important in reducing the severity of sarcopenia. If the proper amount of nutrients are not taken it may lead to an increase in the onset of sarc openia which increases risk factors forRead MoreThe Clinical Study Done By J. Bauer1013 Words   |  5 Pagesto lose the ability to do tasks that require endurance and strength, which leads to the need for assisted care. Also, when elderly/aging people start to lose muscle mass and strength they will be prone to an increased risk of injury. Ingesting supplements such as essential vitamins and amino acids are fundamentally important in reducing the severity of sarcopenia. If the proper number of nutrients are not taken it may lead to an increase in the onset of sarcopenia which increases risk factors forRead MoreLithium Ion Batteries And Its Effects1738 Words   |  7 PagesLithium ion batteries were introduced commercially during the early 1990’s as the desire for smaller and more lightweight rechargeable batteries grew with the increased demand for the improvement of portable electronic devices (Yoshino, 2012). Prior to this there were commercially available rechargeable b atteries already on the market, predominately in the form of lead-acid (PbA), Nickel-Cadmium (NiC) and Nickel Metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries. The development of the Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery began dueRead MoreMy Career In Energy Technology1302 Words   |  6 Pagesproperties, and mechanisms for the conversion of solar energy to electric energy to produce renewable energy. I was trained in scanning probes, surface chemistry, laser spectroscopy, solar cells measurements, electrochemistry, and nanomaterials synthesis. Later in my doctoral study, dye-sensitized solar technology became the major focus of my research at University of Louisville’s College of Arts and Sciences. According to the International Energy Agency’s 2015 World Energy Outlook, a complete de-carbonizationRead MoreTb Is A Treatable And Curable Disease Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesfluoroquinolone; ethionamide or prothionamide; pyrazinamide; and cycloserine or para-aminosalicylic acid. (14)(15) Because of the limitations of the current TB treatment, a new generation of anti-TB agents is required with a focus on shortening treatment duration and reducing treatment-related side effects. At least six new compounds are in Phase II clinical development and others are currently in lead optimization or preclinical testing. The FDA recently approved bedaquiline (TMC207) as a part ofRead MoreEmpirical Formula of Zinc Iodide1863 Words   |  8 PagesFormula of Zinc Iodide Objectives Upon completion of this experiment, students should have learned: 1. The law of conservation of mass. 2. How to calculate an empirical formula. 3. The concept of limiting reagents. Introduction Synthesis and the determination of empirical formulas are two extremely important parts of chemistry. In this experiment, you will synthesize zinc iodide and determine its empirical formula. The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each elementRead MoreChemistry : Water Chemistry And Water Quality4268 Words   |  18 Pagespour down the drain. †¢ Do not dispose in everyday trash. Lesson 15: Acids and Bases and Their Applications. 41a. Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula of H2SO4. Sulfuric acid is soluble in water at all concentrations, weak to strong, and has many industrial applications.   Sufuric acid is considered a basic substance in the chemical industry, and is used in the production of lead-acid batteries in cars and other motor vehicles.   Other applied industrial uses are ore